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‘Dirty war’ general found guilty

Argentine former general Santiago Omar Riveros (l) - 2001 file photo

A former general who headed a notorious detention centre during Argentina’s military rule has been sentenced to life in prison for human rights abuses.

Santiago Omar Riveros, 86, commanded the Campo de Mayo military barracks on the outskirts of Buenos Aires.

He was found guilty of involvement in the 1976 murder of 15-year-old communist youth member, Floreal Avellaneda, who was tortured to death.

Some 30,000 people disappeared or died in Argentina’s 1976-1983 "Dirty War".

Riveros’s former intelligence chief, Fernando Verplaetsen, was also jailed for 25 years in connection with the boy’s killing.

And four other officers were given jail terms of between eight and 18 years.

Torture tactics

Floreal Avellaneda and his mother were abducted in 1976 by a military squad and tortured to find out the whereabouts of the boy’s father, a Communist Party union leader of the same name.

The mother, Iris Pereyra, described their ordeal to the court: "They applied an electric current to my armpits, breasts, mouth, genitals and did exactly the same to my son."

Mrs Pereyra was released after three years. But her son’s body washed up on the Uruguayan coast, bound hand and foot, and showing signs of beating, the prosecutors said.

Riveros was first convicted in 1985, and pardoned in 1989 by then-President Carlos Menem. In 2007, Argentina’s Supreme Court revoked the pardon, clearing the way for his re-trial.

He is accused of more than 40 crimes against humanity involving victims of the era’s so called "disappeared".

An estimated 5,000 prisoners were held at the Campo de Mayo barracks, one of the largest extermination centres in operation during the dictatorship of a military junta headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri, according to human rights groups.


This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.

Checking out of ‘Hotel America’

After an eventful eight years in Washington, the BBC’s North America editor Justin Webb has mixed feelings about his imminent return to the UK.


"If you do not like your life and you have drive and luck, you can change it because – being American – you believe you can change it "



Justin Webb in Washington

"You can check out any time you like, but you can never leave…"

America was not designed to be left. The opposite in fact – it was designed to be arrived in.

It was programmed to receive and – as was the case in the Eagles’ song Hotel California – there is some wonderment at the front desk when you try to go.

For effect, I sometimes exaggerate our sadness at the end of our time in America, result: confusion.

"Our British home is in south London so we’ll probably all be murdered before Christmas."

"Oh, my gosh, um, why not stay" Because you have no sense of humour, would be one answer. But it is not why we are leaving.

In more than seven years of life in America, I have come to value – to love, actually – the stolid, sunny, unchallenging, simple virtuousness of the American suburban psyche.

The woman who is to sell our house is a prime specimen. She is perky. Nothing gets her down, not even the fact that we are selling in the midst of the biggest depression since the Great Flood. In this area it is different.

"You have a lovely home!"

But she thinks we have too many books. She does not say so but she talks of creating spaces on the shelves – for snow-globes, perhaps, or silver photo frames with perfect children showing off perfect teeth.

This is a cultural thing. When selling a home in America, you have to pretend that you do not live there.

No, you have to pretend that no-one lives there. Or ever has.

Previously owned homes are of course the norm for us Europeans. We understand that previous generations have made their mark. This means – as we English know, having grown up with rattling windows and mouldy grouting – that a home will be imperfect.

They do not make such allowances in America.

Illusion of safety

So the inspector’s report, the survey, is the cause of much deliberation and soul-searching with our potential buyers.

An outside light is not working properly. A tap is leaking. A chimney needs investigation.

"I feel crazy going back to the old world"

As I read it, my mind turns to our house in London which is actually falling down – somebody omitted to prop up the middle when an arch was cut in a downstairs room 100 years ago – but which is still eminently saleable.

The English understand that we are all falling down. Dust to dust, we intuit. Americans do not. They have not got there yet.

Truth be told, I would rather be them than us. I admire the concern over the chimney and the belief that the problem can be fixed.

I sit on the porch, in the growing evening heat of the Washington spring, the cicadas chirruping and the sound of lawns being mowed, and yearn to be staying. It would be so easy, so uncomplicated, so safe.

And yet of course – like the perfect home we tried to create – this safety is an illusion.

Route 17

From Washington let me take you south 600 miles (965 km) or so to the state of South Carolina.

A carriage filled with visitors in Charleston, South Carolina

In the steamy heat of the night, cicadas deafening in these parts, breeze all but non-existent, I drove Route 17 south, out of Charleston and down into the low country, the salt marshes.

Charleston is one of America’s most elegant cities, but Route 17 is not on any tourist maps, at least not as an attraction in its own right.

In a sense though, it should be. It gives a wonderful insight into hardscrabble American life, the sleazy glamour of the road that repels and appeals to visitors – and indeed Americans themselves – in roughly equal measure: gas stations, tattoo parlours, Bojangles Pizza, $59 (£35)-a-night motels, pawn shops, gun shops, car showrooms, nail bars, and Piggly Wiggly, the local supermarket chain which, in my limited experience, smells almost as odd as it sounds.

It is a panorama of the mundane: Doric columns a-plenty but all of them made of cheap concrete and attached to restaurants or two-bit accountants’ offices. On and on it goes, encroaching into the palm forests with no hint of apology.

‘Bible-laced hypocrisy’

As it happens, I am due to visit one of those forests and the following morning I find myself standing next to a black, four-wheel-drive vehicle and another quintessentially American phenomenon. A politician mired in Bible-laced hypocrisy.

Mark Sanford, Republican governor of South Carolina

At the time I met Mark Sanford, the governor of South Carolina, just a few months ago, I didn’t know about the hypocrisy. But I should have guessed when he offered to let me in to a secret. He was a closet tiller of fields, he said, and liked nothing better than to get out with his boys and work the land.

A little too wholesome to be true.

Weeks after telling me that all-American story, it transpired that he was also ploughing furrows in foreign fields. The man disappeared only to turn up in Buenos Aires with an Argentine woman who was not Mrs Sanford.

This from a man who, when he was a congressman, lived in some peculiar Christian fellowship house in DC. It did not stop his Doric columns from being false.

Zest for life

And yet for all the ugliness, the deadening tawdriness of much of the American landscape and the tinny feebleness of many of its politicians – for all that nastiness and shallowness and flakiness – there is no question in my mind that to live here has been the greatest privilege of my life.

The immensity of America, the energy and the zest for life remind me sometimes of India. And as with India, where I spent some time for the BBC many moons ago, America shines a light on the entire human condition.

Map of USA showing Washington DC and Charleston

Few other nations really do. Italy reveals truths about Italians, Afghanistan about Afghans, Fiji about Fijians. But America speaks to the whole of humanity because the whole of humanity is represented here; our possibilities and our propensities.

Often what is revealed is unpleasing; truths that are not attractive or wholesome or hopeful.

On the last day we spent in our home in north-east Washington, they were holding a food-eating competition in a burger bar at the end of our street. The sight was nauseating: acne-ridden youths, several already obese, stuffing meat and buns into their mouths while local television reporters, the women in dinky pastel suits, rushed around getting the best shots.

America can be seen as little more than an eating competition, a giant, gaudy, manic effort to stuff grease and gunge into already sated innards.

You could argue that the sub-prime mortgage crisis – the Ground Zero of the world recession – was caused mainly by greed: a lack of proportion, a lack of proper respect for the natural way of things that persuaded companies to stuff mortgages into the mouths of folks whose credit rating was always likely to induce an eventual spray of vomit.

There is an intellectual ugliness as well: a dark age lurking, even when the president has been to Harvard. The darkness epitomised by the recent death in Wisconsin of a little girl who should still be alive.

Stone-Age superstitions

Eleven-year-old Kara Neumann was suffering from type one diabetes, an auto-immune condition my son was recently diagnosed with.

Her family, for religious reasons, decided not to take her to hospital. They prayed by her bedside and the little girl died.

The night before she died – and she would have been in intense discomfort – her parents called the founder of a religious website and prayed with him on the telephone. But they did not call a doctor.

If Kara had been taken to hospital, even at that late stage, insulin could have saved her. She could have been home in a few days and chirpy by the end of the week, as my son was.

It was an entirely preventable death caused, let’s be frank, by some of the Stone Age superstition that stalks the richest and most technologically advanced nation on earth.

I deplore the superstition and the eating competitions and the tatty dreariness of so much of America, and I note that the new president is also unimpressed by the infrastructure and not a fan of fat but, after more than seven years living here, I am increasingly convinced that these elements of the nation are not the flip side of the greatness of America, they are part of that greatness.

There is something about the carelessness of America that gives space for greatness.

Making it big

Out on route 17 in South Carolina, you can do very well or very badly. You can crash and burn, or you can fill up with cheap petrol and ride off into the sunset. If you do not like yourself in South Carolina, you can hire a self-drive hire truck and take it to Seattle. If you do not like your life and you have drive and luck, you can change it because – being American – you believe you can change it.

Sonia Sotomayor

Sitting in a dingy apartment in New York watching Perry Mason on the TV, you can decide to make it big in law as eight-year-old Sonia Sotomayor once did.

This summer, now in her fifties, she becomes a Supreme Court justice and the latest American story to send shivers down the spines of dreamers of the American dream.

But if Sonia Sotomayor is to make it big, there must be something creating the drive, and part of that something is the poverty of the alternative, the discomfort of the ordinary lives that most Americans endure and the freedom that Americans have to go to hell if that is the decision they take.

This is the atmosphere in which Nobel Prize winners are nurtured. A nation which will one day mass produce a cure for type one diabetes, could not, would not, save little Kara Neumann from the bovine idiocy of her religious parents.

More than 300 million people live here now, settlers from all over the world. From Ho Chi Minh City, from Timbuktu, from Vilnius, from Tehran, from every last corner of the earth, they have made America their home and they are still streaming in.

I feel crazy going back to the old world. My five-year-old daughter Clara, who is the proud owner of an American passport, agrees.

She says she intends to leave home, at around 12-years-old, and return to her native land. I do not blame her.

If you are willing to chance your arm, if you back yourself, if you want to live the life, America is still the place to be. Drive out on Route 17 and take a chance!

So that’s it from me, I am checking out. But part of me can never leave…

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Eva Nagorski: Revenge, European Style

Europe’s political wives are no longer standing by their men. In fact, they’re more inclined to stand anywhere where they can give them a good clean kick in the derriere.

Serbian warlord jailed for life for massacres

Milan Lukic guilty of massacring Muslims in Bosnian war during reign of terror under Radovan Karadzic

One of the most notorious Serbian mass murderers and paramilitary chiefs from the war in Bosnia was sentenced to life in prison today, 17 years after he helped turn the ancient town of Visegrad in eastern Bosnia into a morgue for Muslims.

Milan Lukic, whose career has included organised crime, drug rackets, involvement in the protection networks of Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic and years on the run in Latin America, was found guilty of murder and crimes against humanity by the international war crimes tribunal in The Hague.

He was sentenced to life for six separate incidents of war crimes, entailing murder, extermination, cruelty, persecution and inhumane acts. His cousin and co-defendant, Sredoje Lukic, received 30 years.

From the start of the Bosnian war in 1992, Milan Lukic gained a particularly grim reputation as a sadistic warlord in and around the Muslim-majority town of Viˇsegrad on the river Drina near the border with Serbia.

He led the paramilitary band known as the White Eagles, which, under licence from Belgrade and the Serbian security services, unleashed a reign of terror, mass murder and ethnic cleansing

Within months of the war starting, the Muslims of Visegrad were either dead or had fled.

They were packed into houses that were then torched, with Lukic lingering outside to shoot any who tried to escape. The victims included newborn babies. Other victims were lined up on the banks of the Drina river and executed, or they were shot on the famous old Ottoman bridge spanning the Drina at Visegrad and the corpses were dumped in the river.

Women and girls were held in rape camps. Victims complained that Lukic was not charged with rape.

He was sentenced for the murder of more than 120 civilians – women, children and elderly people – in two incidents in which the detainees were jammed into the room of a house which was then set alight.

Presiding judge Patrick Robinson said: “These horrific events stand out for the viciousness of the incendiary attack, for the obvious premeditation and calculation that defined it, for the sheer callousness and brutality of herding, trapping and locking the victims in the two houses, thereby rendering them helpless in the ensuing inferno, and for the degree of pain and suffering inflicted on the victims as they were burnt alive.

“In the all too long, sad and wretched history of man’s inhumanity to man, the Pionirska Street and Bikavac fires must rank high.”

Lukic was also found guilty of executing 12 male civilians in two incidents and of shooting a woman dead at point-blank range. Robinson characterised Lukic’s crimes as displaying a “callous and vicious disregard for human life”.

The trial is likely to be the last at the tribunal dealing with perpetrators directly engaged in murder.

Lukic’s murders of at least 133 civilians all occurred within a three-week-period in June 1992. After the war, Lukic operated with impunity, running organised crime networks and rackets involved with the protection of Karadzic, finally captured in Belgrade last year. Lukic enjoyed the protection of the Serbian police despite being indicted for war crimes 11 years ago.

In 2003, he fled to Latin America and was arrested in Buenos Aires in 2005.

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Jim Selman: Where Is a Genie When You Need One?

We live as if the causes and the solutions to our problems are somehow outside of ourselves and that they are beyond our ability to resolve. This view of the world inevitably leads to resignation.

Food fight

Mark Gregory
International business reporter, BBC World Service

harvesting wheat in Kansas

Food prices soared in 2007 and early 2008, throwing hundreds of millions of people around the world into poverty.

Rioting took place in Egypt, India, Indonesia and other countries over the rising cost of rice and wheat.

Since last year’s peak, trends in global food price have been more complex.

But despite this, the BBC’s own research suggests rising food costs remain a major problem for lots of people in lots of places.

In 2007 and early 2008, various factors were at work. There were poor harvests in grain producing countries. Rising oil prices led to increased transport and production costs.

At the same time, an increased use of biofuels meant less land was available for growing food.

Finally, there were increases in food demand in some emerging economies, notably China, coupled with changes in diets – meat uses more resources to produce than grain.

As a measure of the scale of these cost increases, the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) food price index rose 82% over two years, reaching its highest level in June 2008.

This index measures the movement of wholesale prices of five basic food categories: meat, dairy, cereals, sugar and oils & fats.

What’s happened since

Since last year’s peak, some of the factors that caused food prices to shoot up so rapidly have gone into reverse.

vegetable seller, Bangalore, India

Poor harvests have given way to bumper crops. For example, the 2008 global wheat harvest was the best on record.

This year’s wheat harvest is likely to be the second best yet, despite crop failures in Argentina.

Recession in many countries has taken the pressure off demand for food products.

Oil prices have also dropped, lowering food transport and production

Concerns remain

Despite these trends, the BBC’s own research suggests rising food costs remain an issue for many people.

TAKING THE PULSE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

  • The BBC is Taking the Pulse of the Global Economy, looking at a range of subjects this summer
  • Food prices – which remain a concern particularly in many developing economies
  • Highly volatile energy prices – which have been a major issue in the past year
  • The plight of migrant workers – as the global recession takes hold in many economies
  • Housing markets – which have turned from boom to bust in many countries
  • Rising unemployment levels – as firms cut back because of falling orders

BBC World Food Price Index

Taking the pulse explained

For the last 12 monthsthe BBC Food Price Indexhas been tracking what shoppers pay for some basic foods in seven cities: Washington DC, Delhi, Jakarta, Brussels, Buenos Ares, Nairobi and Moscow.

Overall, prices have risen by a bit less than 5% over the period of the survey.

But there are some remarkable differences between cities.

In Nairobi, our index suggests food prices rose by nearly a third. In Buenos Aires, the increase was almost a fifth. Both these cities are in the developing world.

However, in the two wealthiest cities, Washington and Brussels, the cost of staple products actually fell sharply – by 17% in the US capital and by 10% in Europe’s hub.

Our survey is not comprehensive, but it may illustrate underlying trends.

Price puzzle

Other data suggests global food prices fell very sharply towards the end last year as many economies went into recession, but have since begun to climb again, although not to last year’s levels.

In May 2009, the FAO’s food price index was 29% below its peak in June 2008. However, the May figure was nearly 10% above the very lowest point reached in February 2009.

Customer ordering food in a McDonalds restaurant in China

The FAO points out that although international food prices have come down from record highs in 2008, they have yet to drop to their levels before the food crisis, and the risk of price volatility remains.

The organisation says the cost of basic staple foods in developing nations remain "stubbornly high" by past standards.

Another important point is that the current economic slowdown has cut many people’s purchasing power – they’ve lost their jobs or seen their incomes cut.

This means they may find it just as difficult to pay for food as they did last year when food prices were higher.

It is something of a puzzle to explain why food prices have started to rise again.

Many economies are in recession, which should mean less demand for food, and global crop yields are generally high.

Some commentators say the fact that food prices remain relatively high in these circumstances suggests there has been a structural shift in the balance of supply and demand for food.

It may be that long term factors such as population growth and increased meat consumption among the new middle class in emerging economies mean food prices will remain permanently higher than before the crisis of 2007/08.

Click here for more from BBC World Service on Taking the Pulse of the Global Economy
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This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.

Now you’re talking …

Want to speak like a native but don’t fancy spending your entire trip in a classroom? These holidays combine lessons with activities and the chance to hang out with locals

French

Surfing: Biarritz

If only school could have been this relaxed. At a solar-powered surf camp in a 300-year-old farmhouse close to Les Casernes beach, near Biarritz, language lessons take the form of informal two-hour chats over beers in the afternoons. Mornings are spent riding the waves, and five days of surf lessons (for 1½ hours per day) are included. The camp has plenty of places for practising tenses in your free time – in the garden, hydro-pool, hammam, tree hut, canoe or hammock. Suitable for beginners and improvers.

• A week costs £606pp, including surfboard and wetsuit hire. 08445 020 445, golearnto.com.

Outdoor adventure: Verdon

Perhaps you’re more likely to remember new words if you learn them while scared out of your wits. A French immersion course in Moustiers, in the Parc Naturel Regional du Verdon, includes morning lessons (beginner to advanced available) in a converted hilltop monastery, plus afternoon exploration of the river Verdon by canoe, treks into the Garrigue with a forest guard, games of pétanque in the village square, dances at a bal populaire or viewings of French films, all accompanied by teachers to ensure French is spoken throughout. At the weekend, the adventuring ratchets up a gear with canyoning, rafting, kayaking and abseiling where no doubt you will learn the French for “Help!” and perfect your pronunciation of merde

• Course €1,670pp for 14 days, accommodation €458 per week, 0121 430 7660, experiencelanguage.co.uk.

Wine: Bordeaux

Many people’s language priority is being able to order food and drink. But imagine how impressive you’ll sound when you can not only stammer out “Un verre de vin, s’il vous plaît”, but are also capable of ordering a fine Bordeaux, commenting on its complexity of flavour and describing the time you visited the very vineyard where it was created. This seven-day French and Bordeaux wine course will set you well on the way to talking about terroir like a native, with four 45-minute sessions of French a day (there’s a test on day one to establish your level), three afternoon sessions on Bordeaux wines, including tastings at l’Ecole du Bordeaux, and excursions to Saint-Emilion and Médoc vineyards.

• Courses start 20 July, 17 August, 14 September, 12 October, £705pp. Homestay accommodation from £170 per week, flight from £115pp return. 0871 230 8512, statravel.co.uk.

Spanish

Walk the talk: Pyrenees

“When we visit my neighbour Hilaria’s vegetable garden, if you pick tomatoes, you’ll learn how to talk about them,” says Georgina Howard, who runs the Pyrenean Experience, a language course in the Baztan valley that teaches Spanish by living Spanish. Language tutors are always on hand to help guests in conversation practise while they ramble through the Pyrenean mountains, meet local farmers, visit bars and hamlets, have lunch with the neighbours or host parties at the seven-bedroom farmhouse, and generally live the Basque life. There are more formal morning lessons on a terrace, and weeks for beginners, intermediate and advanced speakers are run separately.

• Full board £850pp per week, 0121 711 3428, pyreneanexperience.com.

Surfing: Tenerife

Insted runs language courses in Austria, Spain and France that are combined with skiing or surfing. Its Tenerife course runs year-round from a central base in Puerto de la Cruz, a thriving town with busy bars and restaurants serving Latin American and African-influenced dishes. Minutes away from the classroom are the beaches, where the breaks have earned the Canaries the title “Hawaii of the Atlantic”. Accommodation is with a local family, or in an apartment sharing with other students from the course.

• Homestay with family from €165pp per week B&B in private room, €200 half board. Apartment from €165pp for private room. Two week minimum, €220 per week for the course. 00 33 450 530 366, insted.com.

Tango: Buenos Aires

“Bailamos?” is Spanish for “Shall we dance?” – as those returning from this trip will know. In the historic centre of Argentina’s capital, near the bohemian San Telmo district, pupils take a daily four-hour classroom lesson of Spanish, and Argentinian and Spanish culture, politics and history in groups of up to seven. Afterwards they don their dancing shoes to learn one of the world’s sexiest dances at a nearby milonga, or tango hall.

• Six nights including homestay with from £467pp, tango classes £4 per hour. Hotel accommodation available. Journey Latin America (020 8747 8315, journeylatinamerica.co.uk).

Portuguese

Capoeira: Brazil

Practise whirling your limbs to the moves of capoeira while learning to twirl your tongue around the Portuguese language on a two-week course combining the two in Salvador. Classes of eight study beginners’ Portuguese for 20 hours a week, then concentrate on the acrobatic Brazilian dance/martial art twice a week; both take place in a language centre. A samba lesson and cookery class are also included, and homestay accommodation is available so that you can practise over dinner (the language, not capoeira).

• Course £285 pp for 14 days, homestay accommodation from £89 per room per week. 08445 020 445, golearnto.com.

Italian

Food and cookery: Tuscany

For an indulgent foodie break with a side serving of language lessons, Sanctuary Villas puts up large groups of friends or two families in a luxurious converted farmhouse villa with an outdoor pool, sauna, steam room and Jacuzzi, near the medieval village of San Gimignano. The company can arrange extras including cookery classes with local chef Giuseppina and language lessons, taken in your villa, the garden which overlooks rolling, cypress-lined Chianti hills or wherever you prefer. Villa La Terme consists of two large houses, together sleeping 10 plus two children.

• From £5,824 per week (£69 pp per night) accommodation only, language lessons from £41 pp per hour with Sanctuary Villas (01242 547 902, sanctuary-villas.com).

Photography and cycling: Umbria

Northern Umbria is a very untouristy part of Italy, a bonus for language learners as locals are unlikely to revert to English when you chat, and because they have more time to do so. Guests at the Labbazia school in the Upper Tiber Valley will meet plenty of them on trips to local markets and bars in the nearby medieval villages, where they’ll put into practise all they learned that day in class (three levels available). There’s usually some sort of local pageant, dance or festival to attend, and many other activities are arranged on demand, from photography classes to tai chi, cycling or horse-riding.

• From €1,050pp per week, full-board at the agriturismo where lessons are held, including 20 x 45min lessons, transfers from Perugia and guided trips. 00 39 075 857 3004, labbaziaschool.com.

Greek

Beach and culture: Syros

On this two-week course at the OMILO centre on the Cycladic island of Syros, there are classes at the Pension Echo in Azolimnos (which is also one of the self-catering accommodation options) from 9.30am to 1.30pm each day. Then it’s time to hit the beaches right by the centre for swimming and sunbathing, before moving a short distance to the village’s lively tavernas. Excursions such as Greek dance lessons, museum visits, guided walks and local concerts are included and everyone goes along to a sociable first night meal. The island’s capital, Ermoupolis, an affluent harbour of neo-classical buildings, mansions, marble-paved streets and white houses, is 4km away.

• Catch a ferry from Athens. Next dates September, €590 for two weeks. Rooms from €35 per night. 00 30 210 612 2896, omilo.com.

German

Watersports: Bavaria

Lindau is a beautiful town on its own island in the eastern side of Lake Constance, with a historic medieval centre and pretty harbour. It’s a great base for learning German – after classes, pupils cool off by sailing and waterskiing on the lake, cycle around it or go on excursions to Meersburg, Salem Castle and Liechtenstein.

The Dialoge language school provides 20-25 lessons per week, and has a sports hall for basketball, volleyball and football games. Social evenings with barbecues, wine tastings and the cinema are arranged too.

• From €490 per week including accommodation with a host family or the school’s apartments, €330 without. 0808 234 8578, studytravel.com.

Arabic

Interaction: Cairo

Pupils of the Bridge Abroad programme will learn the Egyptian dialect (one of the easiest to pick up) as well as classical Arabic on a week’s beginners’ course in Cairo. The focus is on learning through interaction with some of the city’s 14.5million residents, after daily lessons in a school 15 minutes from the centre. Afternoons are spent among the throng, picking up more vocabulary in the souks, cafes and squares, and at lectures, concerts, cinemas and the famous sites.

• Three weeks (minimum) including accommodation costs from $878pp, $399 without accommodation, or from $711 per week private tuition, from $855 with accommodation. 0808 120 7613, bridgeabroad.com.

Japanese

Cooking and karaoke: Tokyo

Nowhere gives a culture shock like Japan, so throwing yourself into the local way of life is as important as learning the lingo if you are to have a hope of ever fitting in. Alongside a beginners’ course that also covers Japanese culture in a centrally-located school, pupils can take workshops on calligraphy, tea ceremonies, noodle cooking, judo and karate, and interact with native Japanese speakers on nights out bowling, to quizzes and, of course, singing karaoke.

• From $2900 for two weeks including accommodation with a host family, in student dorms or apartments with World Link Education (0046 5580 3720, wle-japan.com).

Mandarin

Live-in learning: Beijing

Moving in with your teacher would have been an abhorrent notion when you were a teenager, but now it could be the best way to develop your language skills. Instead of trawling through a textbook twice a day, you can chat to your tutors from breakfast to bedtime while staying in their home on Go Learn To’s “home language courses”. These suit all levels and give the option of staying with your teachers, couples and families around Beijing as well as informal tuition. Guests get a set of keys and are free to come and go as they please, but are usually invited to join in with their teacher’s life, to meet relatives and friends, go shopping and explore the nightlife.

• Seven days from £864pp per week full board, 08445 020 445, golearnto.com.

Russian

Culture: St Petersburg

Russia is one place where you’re unlikely to pick up much of the language without some serious tuition. A course that includes 20 lessons per week in St Petersburg is a good place to start. After class, it’s time to absorb the city’s rich culture at its many sites.

Bi-weekly group activities include visits to the theatre and ballet and to other places such as the riverside city of Novgorod. Go in the summer and you can join in many vercherinkas – small parties with caviar, vodka and Russian folk songs. Beginners’ and advanced courses are available, but everyone is asked to learn the Cyrillic alphabet before arriving.

• Two weeks from $2,170pp all inclusive, but excluding flights, languagesabroad.com.

• Don’t miss our free phrasebooks every day next week, plus Italian the week after

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